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144 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1964
The play then, for me, takes place in Plaguetown, U.S.A., now. The plague is race, the plague is our concept of Christianity: and this raging plague has the power to destroy every human relationship. (Baldwin about Mister Charlie)The play functions as a mirror to its time and is, at heart, a segregated play: The aisle functions as the division between Whitetown and Blacktown. The action among the blacks takes place on one side of the stage, the action among the whites on the opposite side of the stage. Only in the flashbacks and the trial at the end, do whites and blacks interact with one another (apart from the character Parnell who represents the white moderate and who seeks out the conversation with the black families).
PARNELL: Who's Mister Charlie?The title of the play refers to the pejorative expression used within the African-American community to refer to an imperious white man: Mister Charlie. The expression suggests that whites are generic or interchangeable. The bitterness toward the collective whiteness can be felt throughout the entire play:
MERIDIAN: You're Mister Charlie. All white men are Mister Charlie!
RICHARD: I'm going to treat every one of them as though they were responsible for all the crimes that ever happened in the history of the world – oh, yes! They're responsible for all the misery I've ever seen, and that's good enough for me.Since whites were Baldwin's target audience (since cultural spaces such as the theatre and broadway were dominated by whites), Baldwin faced a difficult task. In order to reach his audience, he needed to feed into their stereotypes and their perception of black people without, however, excusing that behaviour. Or else, his message would lapse. Baldwin had to walk a fine line, and whilst I appreciate what he was trying to do with the play, many of his literary choices rubbed me the wrong way.
PARNELL: Can I join you on the march, Juanita? Can I walk with you?Again, I understand what Baldwin was trying to do and that he had to appeal to his white target audience but I don't appreciate shit like that.
JUANITA: Well, we can go in the same direction, Parnell. Come. Don't look like that. Let's go on on.
MERIDIAN: If you're a black man, with a black son, you have to forget all about white people and concentrate on trying to save your child.However, his focus on the whitetown and the fact that the white characters got the vast majority of the speech parts (and thus more visibility and exposure) lessened my enjoyment of the play.
MOTHER HENRY: No white man never called my husband Mister, neither, not as long as he lived. Ain't no white man never called me Mrs. Henry before today. I had to get a grandson killed for that.
MERIDIAN: I am a man. A man! I tried to help my son become a man. But manhood is a dangerous pursuit, here.
LILLIAN: They had their ways, we had ours, and everything went along the way God intended.However, Baldwin uses this play as a vehicle to address his issues with Christianity, a religion historically used to justify the enslavement of Africans. And I absolutely loved it. He argues that Christianity is a type of plague that “has the power to destroy every human relationship.” Through his character Lorenzo, he denounces it for its ability to be used to preach passivity while endorsing violence. Lorenzo articulates the lack of empathy that Christianity has for the Black community, calling it “the white God” who ignores others' suffering at the hands of the irrational. He accuses the reverend of praying to a god that only cares for those who are white and asserts that it is this god who is responsible for the destruction of Black lives. I found this message very powerful and I am very grateful that Baldwin was bold enough to include it in his play. Up to this day, the American society is a very religious one that doesn't handle critiques of Christianity too well.
PARNELL: Well, even that's not true. He doesn't think they're not human – after all, I know him, he's hot-tempered and he's far from being the brightest man in the world – but he's not mean, he's not cruel. He's a poor white man. The poor whites have been just as victimized in this part of the world as the blacks have ever been.Or the argument that someone can't be racist because they're your friend:
PARNELL: He's not a wicked man. I know he's not, I've known him almost all his life! The face he turns to you, Meridian, isn't the face he turns to me.These are arguments that were prevalent back in the day and are still used today. It's hella frustrating, but I highly appreciate that Baldwin just showed it how it was/is.
RICHARD: I take their money and they love it. Anyway, they ain't got nothing else to do with it. Every one of them's got some piss-assed, faggoty white boy on a string somewhere. They go home and marry him, dig, when they can't make it with me no more – but when they want some loving, funky, down-home, bring-it-on-here-and-put-it-on-the-table-style –When Baldwin said of Richard: “He'd paid his dues. He was just trying to live. And he almost made it.”, I honestly got chills because it reminded me so much of his assessment of Malcolm, who died way before his time.
Blacktown: (after Parnell's betrayal) What do you think of our friend now? He didn't do it to us rough and hard. No, he was real gentle. I hardly felt a thing. Did you? You can't never go against the word of a white lady, man, not even if you're white. Can't be done.It is almost haunting how this also foreshadowed the end of the Emmett Till-case as the white lady who claimed that Emmett whistled at her at the story, admitted on her death bed that she lied about the whole situation. Yet again, black lives are being sacrificed to white lies. I hope she's rotting in hell.
It is we who have locked him in the prison of his color. It is we who have persuaded him that Negroes are worthless human beings, and that it is his sacred duty, as a white man, to protect the honor and purity of his tribe.Όπως είναι φυσικό το έργο κατέληξε να διχάσει το κοινό με τις ιδέες του, όχι μόνο εξαιτίας της ιδιόμορφης αντιμετώπισης του εγκληματία αλλά και λόγω της τόσο φανερής απεύθυνσης σε λευκό ακροατήριο, εντούτοις, η λύση για τον τίτλο του έργου δίνεται από τον πατέρα του νεκρού Richard, "All white men are Mister Charlie"· ως Mister Charlie δηλαδή χαρακτηρίζεται ο λευκός άνθρωπος εν γένει, αποτελώντας μια καρικατούρα. Εξάλλου, όπως υποστηρίζει ο Baldwin στο κείμενο A Word from Writer Directly to Reader, του 1959:
Nor is it easy for me, when I try to examine the world in which I live, to distinguish the right side from the wrong side.[…]Nothing, I submit, is more difficult than deciphering what the citizens of this time and place actually feel and think.
MOTHER HENRY: Richard, you can’t start walking around believing that all the suffering in the world is caused by white folks!
RICHARD: I can’t? Don’t tell me I can’t. I’m going to treat everyone of them as though they were responsible for all the crimes that ever happened in the history of the world – oh yes! They’re responsible for all the misery I’ve ever seen, and that’s good enough for me.
The play then, for me, takes place in Plaguetown, U.S.A., now. The plague is race, the plague is our concept of Christianity: and this raging plague has the power to destroy every human.Ταυτόχρονα, είναι τουλάχιστον ριζοσπαστική η σύνδεση που θέτει ο συγγραφέας της θρησκευτικής πίστης και της αξιοπρέπειας, με την έννοια ότι ο μαύρος άνθρωπος επιλέγει να πιστέψει στο Θεό ακριβώς για να θεωρείται άνθρωπος, αν όχι στα μάτια των υπόλοιπων λευκών ανθρώπων, τότε σε εκείνα του Θεού.
The plague is race, the plague is our concept of Christianity: and this raging plague has the power to destroy every human relationship.
I’m a Christian. I’ve been a Christian all my life, like my Mama and Daddy before me and like their Mama and Daddy before them. Of course, if you go back far enough, you get to a point before Christ, if you see what I mean, B.C.— and at that point, I’ve been thinking, black people weren’t raised to turn the other cheek, and in the hope of heaven. No, then they didn’t have to take low. Before Christ. They walked around just as good as anybody else, and when they died, they didn’t go to heaven, they went to join their ancestors. My son’s dead, but he’s not gone to join his ancestors. He was a sinner, so he must have gone to hell— if we’re going to believe what the Bible says. Is that such an improvement, such a mighty advance over B.C.? I’ve been thinking, I’ve had to think— would I have been such a Christian if I hadn’t been born black? Maybe I had to become a Christian in order to have any dignity at all. Since I wasn’t a man in men’s eyes, then I could be a man in the eyes of God. But that didn’t protect my wife. She’s dead, too soon, we don’t really know how. That didn’t protect my son— he’s dead, we know how too well. That hasn’t changed this town— this town, where you couldn’t find a white Christian at high noon on Sunday! The eyes of God— maybe those eyes are blind— I never let myself think of that before.