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Maigida

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Maigida
sana'a da social class (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na mai-iko da lessor (en) Fassara
Yadda ake kira namiji помещик
Hannun riga da tenant farmer (en) Fassara, tenant (en) Fassara da lessee (en) Fassara
Mai iko mai karfi a cikin karusar, Gabashin Han 25–220 CE. Hebei, China

Maigida shi ne wanda ya mallaki gida, gidajen haya, sashen wani gida, filaye, ko dukiya wanda aka yi hayar ko hayar ga wani mutum ko kasuwanci, wanda ake kira dan haya (kuma mai haya ko mai haya). Lokacin da mai shari'a yana cikin wannan matsayi, ana amfani da kalmar mai gida. Sauran sharuddan sun hada da mai gida da mai shi. Ana iya amfani da kalmar uwar gida ga masu mata. Manajan gidan mashaya a cikin United Kingdom, tsananin magana mai lasisi victualler, ana kiransa mai gida/matar gida. A cikin tattalin arzikin siyasa ana nufin mai mallakar albarkatun kasa shi kadai (misali, kasa, ba gine-gine ba) wanda hayar tattalin arziki ke samun kudin shiga.

Tunanin mai gida na iya komawa ne zuwa ga tsarin feudal na manoralism ( seignorialism ), inda wani fili mallakar Ubangijin Manor ( mesne lords ), yawanci 'yan ƙananan ƙwararru waɗanda suka zo don samar da matsayi na Knights . a cikin babban na da zamani, riƙe da fief via subinfeudation, amma a wasu lokuta ƙasar na iya zama kai tsaye batun memba na mafi girma nobility, kamar yadda a cikin sarauta yankin kai tsaye mallakar wani sarki, ko a cikin Mai Tsarki Roman Empire ƙauyuka kai tsaye. ƙarƙashin sarki. Tsarin tsaka-tsaki a ƙarshe yana ci gaba da tsarin ƙauyuka da Latifundia (faɗaɗɗen gonaki na manoma) na Daular Roma.[1]

A wannan zamani, “mai gida” yana bayyana kowane mutum, ko wata hukuma kamar hukuma ko wata hukuma, tana ba da gidaje ga mutanen da ba su mallaki gidajensu ba.

Ɗawainiyar mai gida da mai haya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar haya, ita ce kwangilar da ke bayyana irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan kamar farashin da aka biya, hukunce-hukuncen jinkirin biyan kuɗi, tsawon haya da adadin sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin mai gida ko mai haya ya soke yarjejeniyar. Gaba ɗaya, ana ba da ayyuka kamar haka: mai gida ne ke da alhakin yin gyare-gyare da kuma kula da ƙadarorin, kuma mai haya yana da alhakin kiyaye ƙadarar mai tsabta da aminci.

Yawancin masu mallaka suna hayar kamfanin sarrafa ƙadarori don kula da duk cikakkun bayanai na hayar kayansu ga mai haya. Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da tallan ƙadarorin da nunawa ga masu haya mai zuwa, yin shawarwari da shirya rubutacciyar hayar ko yarjejeniyar lasisi,[2] [3] sannan, da zarar an yi hayar, karɓar haya daga mai haya da yin gyare-gyare kamar yadda ake buƙata.

David Berry ya mallaki mafi yawan abin da a yanzu aka fi sani da sunan garin Berry, kuma mazaunansa suna tunawa da shi sosai.

A ƙasar Amurka, rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar dokar jiha (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokokin jaha da, a wasu wurare, dokar birni ko dokar Gundumomi, tana tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida ko uwar gida za su iya korar ɗan hayar nasa kafin karewar gidan haya, kodayake a ƙarshen wa'adin hayar za a iya ƙarewa gaba ɗaya ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba. Wasu birane, gundumomi, da Jihohi suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko tsarin haya, da kuma fitar da su. Hakanan akwai garanti mai ma'ana na zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, nagartaccen kuma matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci kamar masu gano hayaƙi da ƙofar kullewa. Rikicin da aka fi sani da shi ya samo asali ne daga ko dai maigidan ya kasa samar da ayyuka ko kuma rashin biyan hayar mai haya—wanda kuma na iya haifar da na baya. Riƙe hayar dalili ne da ya dace na korar, kamar yadda sau da yawa bayani a cikin haya.[4]

A Kanada, rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana yin su ne ta hanyar dokar lardi (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokar lardi ta tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida zai iya korar ɗan haya. Wasu larduna suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko ƙa'idojin haya, da kuma fitarwa masu alaƙa. Hakanan akwai garantin madaidaicin wurin zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, kyawawan gidaje da matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci.

Ƙasar Ingila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kasuwar haya na zama (annances)

Hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu galibi suna gudanar da su ne da yawa daga cikin Ayyukan Mai Gida da na Masu haya, musamman Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1985 wacce ta tsara ƙaramin ƙa'idodi a haƙƙin masu haya a kan masu gidansu. Wata mahimmin ƙa'ida ita ce Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana iya ƙara hayar kuɗi kyauta a ƙarshen tsawon watanni shida na yau da kullun, bisa sanarwar da ta dace da aka ba mai haya. Umurnin Mallaka a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan nau'in, ana samun tabbacin ba da hayar gajeru (AST) yawanci bayan makonni takwas/watanni biyu na hayar da ba a biya ba, kuma bisa ga hukuncin kotu bayan yiwa mai haya hidima tare da sanarwar sashe na 8 (a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gidaje 1988 kamar yadda gyara) na wani ɗan ƙaramin lokaci don duk tabbacin hayar — da kuma a kan wasu filaye waɗanda ke jinkirta ikon mallakar mai gida. Idan gidan haya na AST ne to duk wani odar mallaka ba zai fara aiki ba har sai an wuce watanni shida a cikin hayar ta farko. Bayar da wani wanda ya kasance yana aiki tun kafin 15 ga Janairu 1989 yawanci, idan ba ɗan gajeren lokaci ba daga farko bayan kafuwar su daga 1980 zuwa gaba, na iya zama " tsararriyar haya " tare da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hayar 1977 da Kariya . daga Dokar Korar 1977, wanda ma'aikatar Wilson ta Uku ta gabatar.[5]

Kowane gida a cikin sana'a da yawa, rukunin da doka ba ta ɗauke shi a matsayin gida ɗaya da ke da masu haya sama da uku ba, yana ƙarƙashin ingantattun ƙa'idodi ciki har da Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana buƙatar lasisin da majalisa ta bayar don zama mai mallakar irin wannan rukunin koyaushe a wasu ƙananan hukumomi (a wasu, iyakance ga manyan misalan doka).

Gidan haya na zama

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gidajen haya sama da shekaru biyu galibi ana kiran su leases kuma suna da tsayi; idan fiye da shekaru bakwai dole ne a yi rajistar sabon gidan haya. [6] Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin ƙa'idodin da ke sama ke tafiyar da su kuma suna cikin misalan da suka daɗe da gangan sun fi kamanceceniya da cikakken mallaka fiye da gidajen haya, gaba ɗaya. Ba safai suke buƙatar hayar ƙasa mai girman gaske . Doka ba ta tsara tuhume-tuhume masu yawa na karya/sayarwa ba kuma ba ta hana sayar da gidajen haya ba; a cikin 2010s wasu daga cikin waɗannan shawarwari an yi shawara sosai kuma ana tsara su. Gaba ɗaya, doka ta ba wa irin waɗannan masu haya (masu haya) damar yin ƙulla tare don samun Haƙƙin Gudanarwa, da haƙƙin siyan sha'awar mai gida (don ba da hannun jari tare). Yana ba su damar ɗaiɗaiku su tsawaita kwangilar su don sabon ƙaramin kuɗi ("Premium"), wanda idan masu haya sun sami ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ba koyaushe ba za a buƙaci su / ba da shawarar kowane shekaru 15-35. Bukatun sanarwa da fom suna da ƙarfi. A cikin ƙananan misalan mai haya, dangane da sassauƙan rarrabuwar lissafi na ginin, na iya samun damar ba da izini daban-daban. Ƙididdiga ta 1925 tana nufin kusan dukkanin lamuni (masu haya a ƙananan haya da kuma a farashi mai ƙima (lafiya, babban jimlar farko)) na ƙadarorin da za a iya siyar da su (da mai haya, sanyawa); rage duk wani hani ga wanda mai gida zai iya amfani da ma'auni wanda yake "ma'ana" tantancewa, ba tare da haifar da babban jinkiri ba. Ana kiran wannan sau da yawa a matsayin "ƙwararren alƙawari akan aiki/keɓancewa".

A cikin babban yanki na raguwar gidaje na zamantakewa, na musamman, masu karɓar haya ko'ina suna samun haƙƙin Siyayya don ƙayyadaddun ragi akan farashin kasuwa na gida.

Kasuwanci (kasuwanci) haya da haya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin ƙadarorin kasuwanci yawancin doka, musamman game da husuma da hukunce-hukuncen asali, sun dogara ne akan 'yancin yin kwangila na dokar gama gari gami da maƙasudan sharuɗɗan shawarwarin da suka gabata na shari'a mai fa'ida kamar ma'anar "gyara mai kyau kuma mai mahimmanci" . Ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana sun haɗa da "rashin ragewa daga kyauta" da "jin daɗin shiru". Duk kasuwancin da ke haya (masu haya) dole ne su yanke shawarar ko za su yi kwangila a ciki ko wajen Sashe na II na Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1954 wanda ya ba su "amincin kasuwancin". In ba haka ba, gaba ɗaya yana aiki ta tsohuwa. Wannan "tsaro na wa'adin mulki" yana dogara ne akan dalilai gama gari da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don mai gida don dawo da harabar. Idan mai gida yana siyar da bulo kuma wanda ya cancanta ya mallaki fiye da kashi 50%, ya kamata a bai wa mai haya haƙƙin ƙi na farko akan farashin siyan katangar. Kamar yadda a cikin mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen doka kan tsauraran bin sharuɗɗan hayar a kan ƙararraki da aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba za a iya aiwatar da su sosai, wanda ke haifar da asarar kuɗi da fage idan aka karye. Rashin biyan kuɗin hayar, ba kamar na zama ba, na iya haifar da koma bayan mai gida kai tsaye ("sake shigar da zaman lafiya") ta hanyar haƙƙin mai mallakar kasuwanci na amfani da korar "taimakon kai".[7] [8] Ɗaukar kayan ɗan haya ba tare da izinin kotu ba (wanda ke gudana daga umarnin kotu ko buƙatun haraji mai ban sha'awa) ( damuwa ) an hana shi.

Slum mai gida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu haya (masu haya ko wasu masu lasisi) a ƙarshen mafi ƙasƙanci na ma'aunin biyan kuɗi na iya kasancewa cikin matsala ta zamantakewa ko tattalin arziƙi kuma suna fama da ƙalubale na zamantakewa a sakamakon. Saboda rashin zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi, irin waɗannan masu haya galibi suna fama da marasa mutunci na marasa aminci da ƙaddarorin da suka yi watsi da alhakin kula da ƙadarorin.

Ana amfani da kalmomin “mai-gidanci”, “mai-gidan marasa galihu”, ko kuma “mai gidan ghetto” don bayyana masu mallakar gidaje masu yawa na irin waɗannan ƙadarorin, galibi suna riƙe da ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na gida. Haɓaka jama'a ko manyan saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu na iya inganta irin waɗannan yankuna. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ikon siyan tilas na gwamnati a cikin ƙasashe da yawa yana ba da damar ɓarke don maye gurbin ko sabunta mafi munin unguwannin.

Misalai:

  • Peter Rachman ya kasance mai gida wanda yayi aiki a Notting Hill, London, a cikin 1950s kuma har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1962. Ya yi kaurin suna wajen cin zarafin ma'aikatansa, tare da kalmar " Rachmanism " yana shiga Oxford English Dictionary . Ma'aikatansa sun hada da Michael de Freitas (aka Michael X / Abdul Malik), wanda ya haifar da suna a matsayin jagoran baƙar fata, da kuma Johnny Edgecombe, wanda ya zama mai tallata jazz da blues, wanda ya taimaka wajen kiyaye shi a cikin haske.

Jarin haya da tushe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙarfafawa da rashin jin daɗi

Ƙaddamarwa, tabbas idan ba gidaje na zamantakewa ba, shine don samun yawan amfanin haya mai kyau (komawa na shekara-shekara akan zuba jari) da kuma tsammanin hauhawar farashin ƙadarorin. Abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba su ne bambance-bambancen ayyukan masu gida a cikin gyare-gyare / kulawa da gudanarwa — da kuma manyan kasada (rikitattun masu haya, lalacewa, sakaci, asarar haya, rashin inshorar / jayayya, durƙushewar tattalin arziki, karuwar yawan riba akan kowane jinginar gida, da rashin daidaituwa). ko asarar zuba jari). Net samun kudin shiga (sakamakon rabo) da babban birnin kasar girma daga barin (hayar fita) musamman a leveraged buy to bari, shi ne batun idiosyncratic hadarin, wanda aka dauke da haƙiƙa intensified ga wani sosai leveraged zuba jari iyakance ga wani karamin adadin irin wannan profile gidajen, na kunkuntar haya roko na kasuwa a yankunan da ba su da karfin tattalin arziki.

Tushen

Mai haya na iya biyan ƙadarori na haya akan duk abin da aka yarda tsakanin mai gida da mai haya — fiye da mako-mako ko kasa da shekara kusan ba a ji ba — kuma wanda koyaushe yana cikin yarjejeniyar haya (zai fi dacewa ga bangarorin biyu a rubuce) . Ya kamata ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mai haya yayi la'akari kafin ya shiga ciki.

Tsaro don haya da ƙarin kudade

Mai gida ko wakilinsa na iya yanke shawara don karɓar ajiya na tsaro (da/ko a wasu hukunce-hukuncen kamar sassan Amurka, kuɗin shiga ko gudanarwa). Mai hanawa idan babba kuma dangi mai kyan gani idan ƙasa ce a kasuwanni da yawa don ɗan haya, ba kasafai ake yin muhawara ba a cikin shawarwarin lokacin haya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen ko dai ko duka biyun an haramta su ta asali. A maimakon haka ana iya haɗa asarar haya/cikakkiyar inshorar lalacewar mai gida zuwa cikin hayar da aka amince da ita da/ko wani nau'in ajiya na musamman, ƙayyadaddun adadin kuɗi a matsayin jingina (ajiya mai tsaro) daga ɗan hayar da wani mai rijista ke riƙe (irin wannan. kamar yadda wasu wakilai na ainihi) na iya halatta. Adadin da aka saba bisa doka shine a biya shi daga bashi (rashin haya) da lalacewa ta ko gazawar mai haya ya gyara/gyara.

victualler mai lasisi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin United Kingdom mai shi da/ko manajan gidan mashaya (gidan jama'a) yawanci ana kiransa "mai gida/matar gida" ko "mai karbar haraji ", na karshen daidai da karar dan kwangilar jama'a na Rome ko manomi mai haraji . A cikin ƙarin yanayi na yau da kullun, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita tana da lasisin victualler ko kuma kawai “mai lasisi”. Ana iya kiran mai gida mace ko dai mai gida ko kuma kawai mai gida.

Ƙimar Ciniki Mai Lasisi, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2004 daga haɗin gwiwar Society of Victuallers masu lasisi da Gidajen Victualler na ƙasa, ta wanzu don biyan buƙatun ritaya na masu gidajen mashaya na Biritaniya. Ƙungiyar ta kuma gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu guda uku a Ascot da Karatu a Berkshire da Sayers Common a Sussex . Kazalika samun cikakken kuɗin biyan ɗalibai na yau da kullun, Makarantar Victuallers' School da ke Ascot tana ba da rangwamen farashin ilimi ga yaran masu gidaje da sauran su a cikin masana'antar abinci.

Ƙungiyoyin masu gida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci na masu gidaje a ƙasashe daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi / al'ummomi suna ba da tallafi ga membobin su don fuskantar batutuwa da yawa ta hanyar ba da hanyar tallafawa juna, da kuma yin amfani da hukumomin da abin ya shafa game da cikakkun bayanai da aiwatar da dokar zama da wasu dokokin hayar kasuwanci.

Ostiraliya

Ƙungiyoyin masu gidaje da yawa sun wanzu a Ostiraliya . Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar bambanta daga rukunin ƙungiyoyi masu mallakar ƙadarori waɗanda ke wakiltar 'babban ƙarshen gari' - masu manyan gine-gine da manyan rukunin gidajen zama, kamar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya .

  • Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Ostiraliya (POAA)
  • Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Victoria (POAVIC)
  • POAQ - Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Queensland
  • Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta NSW
  • Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta Yammacin Ostiraliya
  • Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta Kudancin Ostiraliya
Ƙasar Ingila

Ƙungiyar Masu Gidajen Mazauna ta Ƙasa (NRLA) yanzu ta samo asali daga haɗewar ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zuwa kamar na 31/3/2020:

  • Ƙungiyar Masu Gidaje (RLA)
  • Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta ƙasa (NLA)
  • Mai kula da gini, sana'ar da ke da alaƙa
  • Mai gida
  • Doka (doka)
  1. "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2022-06-04. More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help); More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help)
  2. Friedman on Leases (Sixth Edition) by Andrew R. Berman, Chapter 37: Leases, Licenses, and Easements Compared—Parking Rights, Department Store Concessions, Lodgers, Etc.
  3. "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
  4. Bolander, Donald O. (1990). The New Webster's Library of Practical Information: Family Legal Guide. Lexicon Publications. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-7172-4500-4
  5. https://web.archive.org/web/20180413130952/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/11445/138295.pdf
  6. LRA 2002, Sch.3
  7. https://www.historytalk.org/
  8. Empty citation (help)