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Carrickfergus

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This article is about the town of Carrickfergus. For the song, see Carrickfergus (song). For the barony, see Carrickfergus (barony).
Carrickfergus
Population27,201 (2001 Census)
• Belfast11 miles (18 km)
District
County
CountryNorthern Ireland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townCARRICKFERGUS
Postcode districtBT38
Dialling code028
PoliceNorthern Ireland
FireNorthern Ireland
AmbulanceNorthern Ireland
UK Parliament
NI Assembly
List of places
UK
Northern Ireland
Antrim

Carrickfergus (from Irish Carraig Fhearghais, meaning 'rock of Fergus'),[2] known locally and colloquially as "Carrick", is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is located on the north shore of Belfast Lough, 11 miles (18 km) from Belfast. The town had a population of 27,201 at the 2001 Census and takes its name from Fergus Mór mac Eirc, the 6th century king of Dál Riata. It is County Antrim's oldest town and one of the oldest settlements in Northern Ireland as a whole.[3] Carrickfergus is the administrative centre for Carrickfergus Borough Council and forms part of the Belfast Metropolitan Area.

The town is the subject of the classic Irish folk song "Carrickfergus", a 19th century translation of an Irish-language song (Do Bhí Bean Uasal)[4] from Munster, which begins with the words, "I wish I was in Carrickfergus."[5]

The British peerage title of Baron Carrickfergus, which had become extinct in 1883, was bestowed upon Prince William on his wedding day on 29 April 2011.

History

As an urban settlement, Carrickfergus far pre-dates the capital city Belfast and was for a lengthy period both larger and more prominent than the nearby city. Belfast Lough itself was known as 'Carrickfergus Bay' well into the 17th century. Carrickfergus and the surrounding area was, for a time, treated as a separate county, although it is today part of County Antrim.

The historical walled town originally occupied a 300 square metre area, which now comprises the town centre, bordered by Albert Road to the west and Joymount in the east. Segments of the town wall are still visible in various parts of the town and in various states of preservation. Archaeological excavations close to the walls' foundations have yielded many artefacts that have helped historians piece together a picture of the lives of the 12th and 13th century inhabitants.[3][6]

In the 5/6th century, Fergus, the son of Erc of Armoy, left the province of Ulster to form a kingdom in Scotland. Upon returning to Ulster some time afterwards, his ship ran aground on a volcanic dyke by the shore, which became loosely known as "Carraig Fhearghais" – the rock of Fergus.[6]

Carrickfergus became an inhabited town shortly after 1170, when Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy invaded Ulster, established his headquarters in the area and built Carrickfergus Castle on the "rock of Fergus" in 1177.[7] The castle, which is the most prominent landmark of Carrickfergus, is widely known as one of the best-preserved Norman castles in Ireland.

Sometime between 1203 and 1205, De Courcy was expelled from Ulster by Hugh de Lacy, as authorised by King John. de Lacy oversaw the final construction of the castle, which included the gatehouse, drum towers and outer ward. It was at this time that he established the nearby St Nicholas' Church. de Lacy was relieved of his command of the town in 1210, when King John himself arrived and placed the castle under royal authority. de Lacy eventually regained his title of Earl of Ulster in 1227, however the castle and its walled town were captured several more times following his death (in 1242) and the town largely destroyed by the Scots in 1402.[6][7]

The Battle of Carrickfergus, part of the Nine Years War, took place in and around the town in November 1597. It was fought between the crown forces of Queen Elizabeth I and the Scots clan of MacDonnell, and resulted in a defeat for the English. A contemporary Elizabethan illustration of Carrickfergus shows ten tower-houses, as well as terraces of single-storey houses, some detached cottages and 70 or more Irish beehive-type huts in the town[8].

A drawing of Carrickfergus Castle circa 1840.

Sir Arthur Chichester was appointed by the Earl of Essex to govern the castle and town in 1599 and was responsible for the plantation of English and Scottish peoples in the town, as well as the building of the town wall.[9]

In 1637 the Surveyor General of Customs issued a report compiled from accounts of customs due from each port and their "subsidiary creeks". Of the Ulster ports on the list, Carrickfergus was first, followed by Bangor, Donaghadee, and Strangford.[10] In the same year the town sold its customs rights - which ran from Groomsport in County Down up to Larne in County Antrim - to Belfast and this in part led to its decline in importance as the province of Ulster grew.

A plaque at the harbour commemorates the landing of William of Orange in the town in 1690.

Nevertheless, the decaying castle withstood several days of siege by the forces of William of Orange in 1689, before surrendering on 28 August. William himself subsequently landed at Carrickfergus on 14 June 1690. During the Seven Years' War, in February 1760, the whole town was briefly captured and held to ransom by French troops landed from Francois Thurot's naval squadron, after the defenders ran out of ammunition.

In April 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, John Paul Jones, in command of the American ship Ranger, attempted to capture a British Royal Navy sloop of war, HMS Drake, moored at Carrickfergus. Having failed, he returned a few days later and challenged Drake to a fight out in the North Channel which the Americans won decisively.

In 1912 the people of Carrickfergus turned out in their thousands to watch as the RMS Titanic made its first ever journey up the lough from its construction dock in Belfast. The famous passenger liner was anchored overnight just off the coast of Carrickfergus, before continuing on its journey.[11]

During World War II, Northern Ireland was an important military base for United States Naval and Air Operations and a training ground for American G.I.s. The First Battalions of the elite US Rangers were activated and based in Carrickfergus for their initial training. The US Rangers Centre in nearby Boneybefore pays homage to this period in history.[11]

Recent History

In the 1970s, the town became an important centre for the textile industry. An ICI man-made fibres factory was opened at Kilroot and was followed by the Rothman's cigarette factory. Courtaulds operated a large rayon works there until the 1980s. It now is a centre for leisure sailing, and is home to Carrickfergus Marina and Carrickfergus Sailing Club. The town is part of the Greater Belfast conurbation, being 11 miles (18 km) from Belfast city centre.

On 8 September 2007, Carrickfergus was the Northern Irish host for the Last Night at the Proms, featuring Alison Balsom, Alfie Boe, and Ulster conductor Kenneth Montgomery.

The Troubles

Further information: The Troubles

Throughout the course of The Troubles, there was a reasonably large paramilitary presence in the town, namely the Ulster Volunteer Force and Ulster Defence Association.

  • 1 May 1972 a protestant, David Currie was killed as the result of an IRA bomb at Courtaulds factory.
  • 20 January 1974 a catholic, Desmond Mullan was shot by loyalists at Maple Gardens.
  • 12 October 1974 a catholic, Michael McKenzie was shot by loyalists at Ellis Street.
  • 17 June 1994 a catholic, Gerald Brady was shot by the UVF at Blackthorn Park.[12]

Demographics

West Street on a quiet day.
The marina complex in Carrickfergus.
The war memorial at Joymount, in Carrick's town centre.
The wall mural and replica pillory in the town centre are popular attractions for visiting tourists.

Carrickfergus is classified by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)[13] as a large town (i.e. population between 18,000 and 75,000 people) and within the Belfast Metropolitan Urban Area (BMUA). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 27,201 people living in Carrickfergus. Of these:

  • 23.2% were aged under 16 years and 15.9% were aged 60 and over
  • 48.6% of the population were male and 51.4% were female
  • 7.8% were from a Roman Catholic community background and 86.1% were from the Protestant or other Christian community backgrounds.
  • 3.6% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed.[14]

Notable residents

Historical

  • Robert Adrain (1775–1843), mathematician, considered one of the best mathematical minds of his time, was born in Carrickfergus[15]
  • Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States, was born in 1767 in the predominantly Scots-Irish Waxhaws area on the border of North Carolina and South Carolina two years after his parents left Boneybefore, near Carrickfergus. A heritage centre in the village pays tribute to the legacy of 'Old Hickory', the "People's President".
  • Sir John Jamison (1776–1844), naval surgeon, physician and, later, an important Australian land-owning pioneer and constitutional reformer, was from Carrickfergus.
  • Richard Kane (1662–1736), British general, governor of Minorca and Gibraltar, was from Carrickfergus. Minorca Place in the town is named for him.
  • William Orr, United Irishman was hanged in Carrickfergus on 14 October 1797 for his part in the failed rebellion.
  • Jonathan Swift, the poet and satirist lived in Kilroot, on the outskirts of the town, and wrote A Tale of a Tub there.
  • Charlotte Riddell, born Charlotte Eliza Lawson Cowan (1832). One of the most popular and influential writers of the Victorian period. The author of 56 books, novels and short stories, she was also part owner and editor of the St. James's Magazine, one of the most prestigious literary magazines of the 1860s. Also known as Mrs J H Riddell.

20th century

  • Daniel Cambridge VC and James Crichton VC were born in Carrickfergus
  • Hugh McCarthy, the notable literary enthusiast mentioned Carrickfergus in his poem 'Town of Despair'.
  • Sean Lester (1888–1959) was born in Carrickfergus. He was the last Secretary General of the League of Nations, from 1940-1946.
  • Louis MacNeice's family moved to the town when the poet was two years old (his father was appointed Rector of St Nicholas' Church of Ireland Church), and he left at the age of ten to attend boarding school in England. One of MacNeice's most well-known poems, Carrickfergus (1937), relates his ambiguous feelings about the town where he spent his early boyhood.
  • Billy McMillan, former Belfast Celtic and dual IFA and FAI Irish international footballer lived his entire life in Carrickfergus.
  • Patrick Joseph Kelly IRA volunteer and commander of the East Tyrone Brigade killed by the SAS in Loughgall was born in Carrickfergus

Contemporary

Arts and entertainment

The town is home to the longest-running short-term radio station in Northern Ireland, Carrickfergus FM.[16]

The Third Carrickfergus Silver Band are a second grade silver band, and have operated in the town since 1958.

Transport

Carrickfergus railway station opened on 1 October 1862[17] and continues to offer regular commuter services to Belfast and Larne.

Translink also operates a local 'town-service' bus route and regular services to both Whitehead and Belfast.

Politics

Carrickfergus is covered by the East Antrim constituency.

Local MLAs for the area are[18]:

Schools and education

There are many primary and secondary schools in Carrickfergus, including:

Sports

Sporting establishments in the town include:

Sister cities

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carrickfergus.

References

  1. ^ North-South Ministerial Council 2002 annual report (Ulster-Scots)
  2. ^ Placenames Database of Ireland
  3. ^ a b History of Carrickfergus
  4. ^ Amhránleabhar Ógra Éireann, Folens, Dublin (8th edition, 1971)
  5. ^ George Petrie: Ancient Music of Ireland, M.H.Gill, Dublin 1855 (re-printed 2005, University of Leeds, ISBN 9781859183984)
  6. ^ a b c Mediæval Times in Carrickfergus' History
  7. ^ a b Culture Northern Ireland: A History of Carrickfergus
  8. ^ O'Neill, B (ed). (2002). Irish Castles and Historic Houses. London: Caxton Editions. p. 14.
  9. ^ 1500s and Beyond in Carrickfergus
  10. ^ O'Sullivan, Aidan & Breen, Colin (2007). Maritime Ireland. An Archaeology of Coastal Communities. Stroud: Tempus. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-7524-2509-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Recent Times in Carrickfergus
  12. ^ [1] [dead link]
  13. ^ NI Statistics and Research Agency website.
  14. ^ Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information website.
  15. ^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Marquis Who's Who. 1967.
  16. ^ Carrickfergus FM History
  17. ^ "Carrickfergus" (PDF). Railscot - Irish Railways. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  18. ^ East Antrim MLAs
  19. ^ http://www.ruda-sl.pl/default.aspx?docId=7378. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ^ "Anderson, sister city join hands". Anderson Independent Mail. 30 July 2009.
  21. ^ . 5 August 2009 http://www.carrickadvertiser.co.uk/articles/news/8523/council-strengthens-links-with-america/. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ^ Fessel, Lynn (9 May 2006). "Jackson City Council Meeting: Minutes, 9 May 2006". City of Jackson, Michigan.
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