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Ufumu wa Mapungubwe

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Coordinates: 22°11′33″S 29°14′20″E / 22.19250°S 29.23889°E / -22.19250; 29.23889
Kufuma Wikipedia

Kingdom of Mapungubwe
Mapungubwe
Pasono Kingdom
Msumba WabomaMapungubwe
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu {{{ethnic_groups}}}
Mtundu wa Boma Monarchy
Ndalama {{{currency}}}
Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape
UNESCO World Heritage Site
LocationLimpopo, South Africa
CriteriaTemplate:UNESCO WHS type(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Reference1099bis
Inscription2003 (27th Session)
Extensions2014
Area281.686602 km2 (69,606 acres)
Buffer zone1,048 km2 (259,000 acres)
Coordinates22°11′33″S 29°14′20″E / 22.19250°S 29.23889°E / -22.19250; 29.23889
Ufumu wa Mapungubwe is located in Limpopo
Ufumu wa Mapungubwe
Location of Ufumu wa Mapungubwe in Limpopo
Ufumu wa Mapungubwe is located in South Africa
Ufumu wa Mapungubwe
Ufumu wa Mapungubwe (South Africa)

Ufumu wa Mapungubwe (Maphungubgwe, c. 1075 c. 1220) ukaŵa ufumu wa ku South Africa uwo ukaŵa ku mphepete mwa milonga ya Shashe na Limpopo, kumwera kwa Great Zimbabwe. Zina ili lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha TjiKalanga na Tshivenda. Zina ili likung'anamura "Phiri la Viyuni vya Nkhaza" panji "Vikumbusko vya malibwe". Ufumu uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu nyengo iyo Ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukapangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., ndipo ukaguliskanga golide ku Rhapta na Kilwa Kisiwani ku Africa. Ufumu wa Mapungubwe ukatora vilimika pafupifupi 80, ndipo apo ukaŵa kuti wafika pachanya, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000.[1]

Malo agha ghakaŵa gha Ufumu wa BuKalanga, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa Kalanga ŵakufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Botswana na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, Ŵanambiya kumwera kwa Dambo la Zambezi, na Ŵavenda kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa. Mapungubwe Collection of artifacts found at the archaeological site is housed in the Mapungubwe Museum in Pretoria. Mapungubwe Collection of artifacts found at the archaeological site is housed in the Mapungubwe Museum in Pretoria.

Mizilo

Template:History of Zimbabwe

Chiduli cha Mapungubwe

Chikaya chikuru chomene icho chikachemeka Chikaya cha Leopard's Kopje chikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Chikaya cha K2 ndipo chikaŵa chakwambilira cha Chikaya cha Mapungubwe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku K2, awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Shona na Kalanga ŵa kumwera kwa Africa, ŵakakopeka na chigaŵa cha Shashi-Limpopo. Kweniso malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene chifukwa cha njovu. Kulamulira malonda gha golide na njovu kukakhozga comene nkhongono za ndyali za K2. Kuzakafika mu 1075, ŵanthu ŵa ku K2 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵafumamo mu malo agha na kusamira ku Mapungubwe Hill.[2]

Kuzenga malibwe

Mu ufumu wa Mapungubwe, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito viliŵa vya malibwe kuti ŵamanye malo ghakuzirwa. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa viliŵa vya malibwe ivyo vikwenera kuti vikaŵa vya mulongozgi wa boma. Ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga lumoza nchito malibwe na makuni. Kweniso pakwenera kuti pakaŵa khuni lakuzingilizga Phiri la Mapungubwe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakakhalanga mukati mwa linga la kumanjiliro gha dazi..[3]

Umo zina ili likambira

Msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu ukachemekanga Mapungubwe, ndipo ndiwo ukafumira zina ili. Malo agha sono ghali kulembeka kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale chomene ku South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa umo zina lakuti Mapungubwe likambira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Mapungubwe likung'anamura "malo gha vibululu", panji "malo agho vibululu vikulyera", panji kuti thavha ya dzi phunguhwe. 1). Lizgu ili likung'anamuraso kuti "malo gha vinjeru" kweniso "malo agho malibwe ghakusintha kuŵa maji".

Mwambo na ukhalilo

Ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakughanaghana kuti mapungubwean ndiwo ghakaŵa malo ghakwamba ku Africa kumwera, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga chomene.

Umoyo mu Mapungubwe ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene ku mbumba na kulima. Malo ghakupambanapambana ghakapangika kuti ghaŵe na maukaboni gha kutandika, milimo ya mu nyumba, na milimo yinyake ya pa umoyo.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulutilira kuyowoya kuti vinthu vikaŵa makora chifukwa cha nyumba izo zikaŵa pasi pawo, chifukwa Ŵapungubweans ŵakaŵavya mabuku.

Ufumu uwu ukagaŵikana mu magulu ghatatu, na ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu malo ghachoko, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakakhalanga pa mapiri ghachoko, na msumba ukuru wa Mapungubwe nga ni mazaza ghapachanya. Ŵanakazi ŵa ufumu ŵakakhalanga mu mapiri. Ŵanakazi ŵa ufumu ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghawo kutali na themba. Ŵanalume ŵakuzirwa ŵakasunganga nyumba za mbiri pa mphaka za msumba. Kupatura kwa malo agha kukachitika pakwamba ku Mapungubwe kweni kukachitikaso ku Butua na Rozwi.[3]

Kusangikaso

Pa Zuŵa la Chaka Ciphya mu 1932, ESJ van Graan, mulimi na msambiri wa ku malo agha, pamoza na mwana wake, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wa pa Yunivesite ya Pretoria, ŵakaluta kukapharazga nkhani yinyake iyo ŵakapulika.

Kuyana na nkhani iyo yikalembeka mu 1985, yikang'anamulika kufuma mu mazgu gha Chifrikansi: Vikaŵa vyakusangika pa malo ghakupwanthirapo pa phiri. Vikaŵa vyakusangika mu nyengo ya m'ma 1000.

Mapungubwe yikaŵa sukulu ya ku South Africa ya vyaka vya m'ma 6 mu 2003.[4]

Kuŵazika pa Phiri la Mapungubwe

Historical states
in present-day
South Africa
before 1600
1600–1700
1700–1800
1800–1850
1850–1875
1875–1900
1900–present
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At least twenty four skeletons were unearthed on Mapungubwe hill but only eleven were available for analysis, with the rest disintegrating upon touch or as soon as they were exposed to light and air. Most of the skeletal remains were buried with few or no accessories, with most adults buried with glass beads. Two adult burials (labeled numbers 10 and 14 by the early excavators) as well as one unlabelled skeleton (referred to as the original gold burial)[5] were associated with gold artefacts and were unearthed from the so-called grave area upon Mapungubwe Hill. Recent genetic studies found these first two skeletons to be of Khoi/San descent and thought to be a king and queen of Mapungubwe. Despite this latest information the remains were all buried in the traditional Bantu burial position (sitting with legs drawn to the chest, arms folded round the front of the knees) and they were facing west. The skeleton numbered 10, a male, was buried with his hand grasping a golden scepter.

The skeleton labelled number 14 (female) was buried with at least 100 gold wire bangles around her ankles and there were at least one thousand gold beads in her grave. The last gold burial (male), who was most probably the king, was buried with a headrest and three objects made of gold foil tacked onto a wooden core, depicting a bowl, scepter and rhino. At least two more rhinos were in the sample, but their association with a specific grave is unknown.

In 2007, the South African Government gave the green light for the skeletal remains that were excavated in 1933 to be reburied on Mapungubwe Hill in a ceremony that took place on 20 November 2007.

The Mapungubwe Landscape was declared a World Heritage Site on 3 July 2003.

Panorama from the top of Mapungubwe Hill

Mapungubwe National Park

Nkhani ikulu: Mapungubwe National Park

The area is now part of Mapungubwe National Park, which in turn is part of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. South Africa's contribution to the trans-frontier conservation area consists of the Mapungubwe National Park, Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve, Limpopo Valley Conservancy, Mapesu Private Game Reserve, the proposed Mogalakwena Game Reserve, the Vhembe Game Reserve as well as a number of smaller private farms. The total proposed area will be 256,100 hectares or 53% of the entire Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Botswana's contribution to the Conservation Area consists of the Northern Tuli Game Reserve, covering an area of 71,173ha. In phase two the area is expected to increase in size with the inclusion of the Central Tuli Farms and the proposed Shashe CCA. In addition, the area roughly extending from the town of Mathathane North to Kobojango and onwards to the Shashe River will also form part of the GMTFCA. In total Botswana's contribution to the TFCA is expected to be 135,000ha, roughly 28% of the total area of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Sentinel Ranch, Nottingham Estate and the Tuli Circle Safari Area make up Zimbabwe's contribution to the GMTFCA. In phase two the Maramani, Machuchuta as well as Hwali Wildlife Management Areas may also be included extending the size of Zimbabwe's contribution to the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area to 96,000 hectares or roughly 19%.

  • Entrance to Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo Province, South Africa
    Entrance to Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo Province, South Africa
  • Taken from South Africa, to the left is Botswana and Zimbabwe is on the right. The river running from left to right is the Limpopo River. The river which disappears on the horizon is the Shashe
    Taken from South Africa, to the left is Botswana and Zimbabwe is on the right. The river running from left to right is the Limpopo River. The river which disappears on the horizon is the Shashe
  • Sandstone rock formations typical of Mapungubwe National Park
    Sandstone rock formations typical of Mapungubwe National Park
  • Treetop Boardwalk. All facilities at Mapungubwe National Park are wheelchair-friendly.
    Treetop Boardwalk. All facilities at Mapungubwe National Park are wheelchair-friendly.
  • Mapungubwe Hill viewed from the north
    Mapungubwe Hill viewed from the north
  • The name may derive from the Shona word for Bateleur eagle
    The name may derive from the Shona word for Bateleur eagle
  • An archaeological excavation site at Mapungubwe.
    An archaeological excavation site at Mapungubwe.
  • The Golden Rhinoceros of Mapungubwe
    The Golden Rhinoceros of Mapungubwe

See also

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Notes

  1. ↑ Huffman, page 376
  2. ↑ Hrbek, page 324
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hrbek, page 325
  4. ↑ Whose history counts : decolonising African pre-colonial historiography. Bam, June., Ntsebeza, Lungisile., Zinn, Allan. Stellenbosch [South Africa]. 29 Novembala 2018. pp. 179–199. ISBN 9781928314110. OCLC 1083646254.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ↑ A. Duffey 2012. Mapungubwe: Interpretation of the Gold Content of the Original Gold Burial M1, A620. Journal of African Archaeology 10 (2), 2012, pages 175–187.

References

  • Fouché, L. (1937). Mapungubwe: Ancient Bantu Civilisation on the Limpopo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 183 pages.
  • Gardner, G.A. (1949). "Hottentot Culture on the Limpopo". South African Archeological Journal. 4 (16): 116–121. doi:10.2307/3886997. JSTOR 3886997.
  • Gardner, G.A. (1955). "Mapungubwe: 1935 – 1940". South African Archeological Journal. 10 (39): 73–77. doi:10.2307/3887555. JSTOR 3887555.
  • Hall, Martin; Rebecca Stefoff (2006). Great Zimbabwe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 48 pages. ISBN 0-19-515773-7.
  • Hrbek, Ivan; Fasi, Muhammad (1988). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. London: UNESCO. pp. 869 pages. ISBN 92-3-101709-8.
  • Huffman, Thomas (2007). Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. pp. 504 pages. ISBN 978-1-86914-108-0.
  • Walton, J. (1956). "Mapungubwe and Bambandyanalo". South African Archeological Journal. 11 (41): 27. doi:10.2307/3886782. JSTOR 3886782.
  • Walton, J. (1956). "Mapungubwe and Bambandyanalo". South African Archeological Journal. 11 (44): 111. doi:10.2307/3886587. JSTOR 3886587.
  • Duffey, Sian Tiley-Nel et al. The Art and Heritage Collections of the University of Pretoria.Univ. of Pretoria, 2008.

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