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In cases when the shipowner is deemed guilty of fault for an instance of oil pollution, the convention does not cap liability.
In cases when the shipowner is deemed guilty of fault for an instance of oil pollution, the convention does not cap liability.


When the shipowner is not at fault, the convention caps liability at between 3 million [[special drawing rights]] (SDR) for a ship of {{GT|5,000}} to 59.7 million SDR for ships over {{GT|140,000}}.<ref name="imo.org"/> These limits translate to around US$3.8 million to US$76.5 million, although SDR exchange rates fluctuate daily.<ref name="imo.org"/> The [[HNS Convention]] to compensation for damages occurring from spill of [[dangerous goods]] is based on the same legal framework.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.hnsconvention.org/Pages/TheConvention.aspx|title=HNS Convention Legal Framework|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref>
When the shipowner is not at fault, the convention caps liability at between 3 million [[special drawing rights]] (SDR) for a ship of {{GT|5,000}} to 59.7 million SDR for ships over {{GT|140,000}}.<ref name="imo.org"/> These limits translate to around US$3.8 million to US$76.5 million, although SDR exchange rates fluctuate daily.<ref name="imo.org"/> The [[HNS Convention]] to compensation for damages occurring from spill of [[dangerous goods]] is based on the same legal framework.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.hnsconvention.org/Pages/TheConvention.aspx|title=HNS Convention Legal Framework|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref>


== Insurance ==
== Insurance ==

Revision as of 00:16, 15 November 2017

The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, renewed in 1992 and often referred to as the CLC Convention, is an international maritime treaty admistered by the International Maritime Organization that was adopted to ensure that adequate compensation would be available where oil pollution damage was caused by maritime casualties involving oil tankers (i.e. ships that carry oil as cargo).[1]

Liability

The convention introduces strict liability for shipowners.[2]

In cases when the shipowner is deemed guilty of fault for an instance of oil pollution, the convention does not cap liability.

When the shipowner is not at fault, the convention caps liability at between 3 million special drawing rights (SDR) for a ship of 5,000 GT to 59.7 million SDR for ships over 140,000 GT.[1] These limits translate to around US$3.8 million to US$76.5 million, although SDR exchange rates fluctuate daily.[1] The HNS Convention to compensation for damages occurring from spill of dangerous goods is based on the same legal framework.[3]

Insurance

If a ship carries more than 2000 tons of oil in cargo, CLC requires shipowners to maintain "insurance or other financial security" sufficient to cover the maximum liability for one oil spill[1]

Coverage

As of September 2016, 136 states, representing 97.5 per cent of the world fleet, are contracting parties to the CLC Protocol of 1992, which amends the original CLC Convention.[4] Bolivia, North Korea, Honduras, and Lebanon—which are generally flag of convenience states—have not ratified the treaty.[5]

The United States of America is not a signatory to CLC, despite considerable involvement in its formulation. This is due to significant nation legislation such as the Oil Pollution Act, 1990, so signing the CLC was deemed unnecessary.[6]

See also


References

  1. ^ a b c d International Maritime Organization on the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969 [1]
  2. ^ R. Bhanu Krishna Kiran, "Liability and Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage: An examination of IMO Convention", NUJS LAW REVIEW, January 2, 2015, Accessed on 1 July 2017
  3. ^ HNS Convention Legal Framework, archived from the original on 1 February 2014, retrieved 13 February 2014 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ International Maritime Organization – Status of Conventions
  5. ^ MARISEC (2009). Shipping Industry Flag State Performance Table (PDF). London: Maritime International Secretariat Services. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 12 June 2010. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ "LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR SHIP-SOURCE OIL POLLUTION" (PDF). unctad.org. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 31 January 2012. pp. 20, 23. Retrieved 30 June 2017. [p20:] However, it should be noted that in some cases, substantial compensation may be available under applicable national law, as for instance in the case of the United States Oil Pollution Act 1990 (OPA 1990). [and p23:] [Non-signatories] includes notably the United States, where, however, strong national legislation to provide for liability and compensation has been enacted.
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