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United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement: Difference between revisions

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The United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement is based substantially on the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), which came into effect on January 1, 1994. The present agreement was the result of more than a year of negotiations including possible [[tariff]]s by the [[United States]] against [[Canada]] in addition to the possibility of separate bilateral deals instead.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/01/politics/nafta-trump-canada-mexico-deal/index.html |title=Trump again threatens to leave Canada out of new NAFTA deal |first1=Jackie |last1=Wattles |first2=Katie |last2=Lobosco |work=[[CNN]] |date=2018-09-01 |access-date=2018-10-03 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126005511/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/01/politics/nafta-trump-canada-mexico-deal/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
During the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 U.S. presidential election]], [[Donald Trump]]'s campaign included the promise to renegotiate NAFTA or cancel it if re-negotiations were to fail.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election/trump-vows-to-reopen-or-toss-nafta-pact-with-canada-and-mexico-idUSKCN0ZE0Z0 |title=Trump vows to reopen, or toss, NAFTA pact with Canada and Mexico |first1=Emily |last1=Stephenson |first2=Amanda |last2=Becker |work=[[Reuters]] |date=2016-06-28 |access-date=2018-10-02 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126033232/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election/trump-vows-to-reopen-or-toss-nafta-pact-with-canada-and-mexico-idUSKCN0ZE0Z0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon election, Trump proceeded to make a number of changes affecting trade relations with other countries<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gore|first=Kiran Nasir|date=2019-03-01|title=An Introduction to the Trump Effect on the Future of Global Dispute Resolution|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3356649|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3356649 |ssrn=3356649|s2cid=226863559 }}</ref> {{emdash}} withdrawing from the [[Paris Agreement]], ceasing to be part of negotiations for the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], and [[2018 China–United States trade war|significantly increasing]] tariffs with China {{emdash}} reinforcing that he was serious about seeking changes to NAFTA, while drawing wide criticism as well.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/president-trump-pulls-u-s-paris-accord-sparking-global-criticism |title=President Trump pulls the U.S. out of Paris climate accord, sparking global criticism |first1=Julie |last1=Pace |first2=Jill |last2=Colvin |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |date=2017-06-01 |access-date=2018-10-02 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126033400/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/president-trump-pulls-u-s-paris-accord-sparking-global-criticism |url-status=live }}</ref> One journal article noted that much of the debate surrounding the virtues and faults of the USMCA is similar to that surrounding all [[free trade agreements]] (FTAs); for instance, the nature of FTAs as public goods, potential infringements of national sovereignty, and the role of business, labor, environmental, and consumer interests in shaping the language of trade deals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gore|first=Kiran Nasir|date=2019-07-01|title=From NAFTA to USMCA: Providing Context for a New Era of Regional Investor-State Dispute Settlement|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3412709|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3412709 |ssrn=3412709|s2cid=211438774 }}</ref>
 
The agreement is referred to differently by each signatory—in the United States, it is called the ''' United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement''' ('''USMCA''');<ref name="finaltext"/><ref name="you-smack">{{cite news |last1=Harrup |first1=Anthony |last2=Mackrael |first2=Kim |title=Goodbye Nafta. Hello...USMCA? Musca? AEUMC? You-Smacka? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goodbye-nafta-hello-usmca-musca-aeumc-you-smacka-1539713091 |access-date=October 25, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126033846/https://www.wsj.com/articles/goodbye-nafta-hello-usmca-musca-aeumc-you-smacka-1539713091 |url-status=live }}</ref> in Canada, it is officially known as the '''Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement''' ('''CUSMA''') in English<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/what-s-in-a-name-canada-goes-with-cusma-for-new-trade-deal-1.4199400 |last1=MacLeod |first1=Meredith |date=November 30, 2018 |title=What's in a name? Canada goes with CUSMA for new trade deal |work=[[CTV News]] |access-date=November 30, 2018 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126053813/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/what-s-in-a-name-canada-goes-with-cusma-for-new-trade-deal-1.4199400 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the '''{{lang|fr|Accord Canada–États-Unis–Mexique}}''' ('''ACEUM''') in French;<ref>{{cite web |title=L'Accord Canada–États-Unis–Mexique (ACEUM) |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cusma-aceum/index.aspx?lang=fra |website=Gouvernement du Canada |access-date=30 November 2018 |language=fr |date=August 15, 2014 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116225319/https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cusma-aceum/index.aspx?lang=fra |url-status=live }}</ref> and in Mexico, it is called '''{{lang|es|Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá}}''' ('''T-MEC''').<ref>{{cite web |title=T-MEC es el nombre con el que se conocerá al nuevo acuerdo comercial |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cartera/economia/t-mec-es-el-nombre-con-el-que-se-conocera-al-nuevo-acuerdo-comercial |website=El Universal |access-date=19 October 2018 |language=es |date=17 October 2018 |archive-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813093354/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cartera/economia/t-mec-es-el-nombre-con-el-que-se-conocera-al-nuevo-acuerdo-comercial |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AMLO gana y se queda T-MEC como nombre para acuerdo comercial trilateral |url=http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/amlo-gana-y-se-queda-t-mec-como-nombre-para-acuerdo-comercial |website=El Financiero |date=October 17, 2018 |access-date=19 October 2018 |language=es |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040504/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/amlo-gana-y-se-queda-t-mec-como-nombre-para-acuerdo-comercial |url-status=live }}</ref> The agreement is sometimes referred to as "'''New NAFTA'''"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Jessica |last2=Sherman |first2=Natalie |title=USMCA trade deal: Who gets what from 'new Nafta'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45674261 |access-date=December 6, 2018 |work=BBC News |date=October 1, 2018 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126031701/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45674261 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McGregor |first1=Janyce |title='Battle' over as Trudeau, Trump, Pena Nieto sign 'new NAFTA' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/usmca-nieto-trudeau-trump-signing-1.4926961 |access-date=December 6, 2018 |work=CBC News |date=November 30, 2018 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126025016/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/usmca-nieto-trudeau-trump-signing-1.4926961 |url-status=live }}</ref> about the previous trilateral agreement it is meant to supersede, the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA).
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