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{{taxobox
|name = Erigenia bulbosa▼
|image = Erigenia_bulbosa.jpg
|image_caption = ''Erigenia bulbosa''
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
▲|name = Erigenia bulbosa
|ordo = [[Apiales]]
|familia = [[Apiaceae]]
|species = '''''E. bulbosa'''''▼
|genus = ''[[Erigenia]]''
|binomial_authority = ([[André Michaux|Michx.]]) [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]▼
▲|species = '''''E. bulbosa'''''
|}}▼
|binomial = ''Erigenia bulbosa''
▲|binomial_authority = ([[André Michaux|Michx.]]) [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]
▲|}}
 
'''''Erigenia bulbosa''''', also known as '''harbinger of spring''' or '''pepper and salt''', is a [[perennial plant]] in the [[carrot]] family ([[Apiaceae]]). ''E. bulbosa'' is the only [[species]] in the [[genus]] ''Erigenia'' ([[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]). This plant is known as harbinger of spring because it is one of the earliest blooming native wildflowers of rich [[forest]]s in the mid-latitude [[United States]]. It is found as far north as central [[New York]] and southern [[Wisconsin]], west to the western [[Ozarks]], and south to central [[Alabama]].<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ERBU USDA PLANTS Database: ''Erigenia bulbosa'']</ref> It is also found in extreme southern [[Ontario]].Throughout most of its range it blooms from late February through early April. It is a small [[spring ephemeral]] reaching only 5-15&nbsp;cm tall when in flower, and slightly larger afterwards. Each spherical bulb gives rise to a single purplish stem, which terminates in an [[umbel]]. The flowers have white [[petal]]s and large dark-reddish [[anther]]s. The teardrop shaped petals are 3-4 millimeters long, widely spaced and do not touch each other. As is characteristic of the carrot family, the leaves of this plant are sheathed at the base and pinnately divided into many small sections.
 
== Ecology ==
This plant is an occasional in rich hardwood forests of eastern [[North America]]. Its typical associates include spring beauty (''[[Claytonia virginica]]''), and cut-leaf tooth wort (''[[Cardamine laciniata]]''). All of these early spring blooming plants are pollinated by [[solitary bee]]s, and to a lesser extent, [[Diptera|flies]] and [[honey bee]]s. ''E. bulbosa'' has a small daily accumulation of nectar per flower (7–38&nbsp;µg sugar/flower), but the presence of numerous, closely arranged, simultaneously blooming flowers in the umbel may increase the overall nectar incentive for the pollinators.<ref>[http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.3159%2F1095-5674(2006)133%5B535%3ASNSFSB%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Dailey, T. B. & P. E. Scott 2006. Spring nectar sources for solitary bees and flies in a landscape of deciduous forest and agricultural fields: production, variability, and consumption. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133:535–547]</ref> The nectar produced by ''E. bulbosa'' only contains the sugar [[fructose]].<ref>[http://abstracts.co.allenpress.com/pweb/esa2002/document/?ID=4308 Dailey, et al. 2003. Nectar rewards of co-flowering spring herbs in woodlands and adjacent agricultural fields. Abstracts: 87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America.]</ref>▼
 
''E. bulbosa'' does not form vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with fungi, in contrast to most plants. <ref> {{cite journal | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/23719/V096N4-5_097.pdf;jsessionid=60FDF8EE2192E367749B66FB50208659?sequence=1 | author = Brent G. DeMars | journal = OHIO J. SCI. 96 (4/5): 97-99, 1996}}</ref>▼
 
These plants are protected in [[New York]] and [[Wisconsin]] as state [[endangered]] plants, and in [[Pennsylvania]] as [[threatened]].
▲This plant is an occasional in rich hardwood forests of eastern [[North America]]. Its typical associates include spring beauty (''[[Claytonia virginica]]''), and cut-leaf tooth wort (''[[Cardamine laciniata]]''). All of these early spring blooming plants are pollinated by [[solitary bee]]s, and to a lesser extent, [[Diptera|flies]] and [[honey bee]]s. ''E. bulbosa'' has a small daily accumulation of nectar per flower (7–38&nbsp;µg sugar/flower), but the presence of numerous, closely arranged, simultaneously blooming flowers in the umbel may increase the overall nectar incentive for the pollinators.<ref>[http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.3159%2F1095-5674(2006)133%5B535%3ASNSFSB%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Dailey, T. B. & P. E. Scott 2006. Spring nectar sources for solitary bees and flies in a landscape of deciduous forest and agricultural fields: production, variability, and consumption. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133:535–547]</ref> The nectar produced by ''E. bulbosa'' only contains the sugar [[fructose]].<ref>[http://abstracts.co.allenpress.com/pweb/esa2002/document/?ID=4308 Dailey, et al. 2003. Nectar rewards of co-flowering spring herbs in woodlands and adjacent agricultural fields. Abstracts: 87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America.]</ref>
▲''E. bulbosa'' does not form vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with fungi, in contrast to most plants. <ref> {{cite journal | url = https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/23719/V096N4-5_097.pdf;jsessionid=60FDF8EE2192E367749B66FB50208659?sequence=1 | author = Brent G. DeMars | journal = OHIO J. SCI. 96 (4/5): 97-99, 1996}}</ref>
== Uses ==▼
The bulb is edible both cooked and raw.<ref>[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Erigenia+bulbosa Plants for a Future Database: E. bulbosa.]</ref> The [[Cherokee]] were known to chew this plant as medicine for toothaches, it is unknown what parts of plant they chewed.<ref>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Erigenia+bulbosa Dr. Moermann's Ethnobotanical database: E. bulbosa]</ref> This plant is sometimes used in native [[wildflower garden]]s throughout its range. ▼
 
▲== Uses ==
▲The bulb is edible both cooked and raw.<ref>[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Erigenia+bulbosa Plants for a Future Database: E. bulbosa.]</ref> The [[Cherokee]] were known to chew this plant as medicine for toothaches, it is unknown what parts of plant they chewed.<ref>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Erigenia+bulbosa Dr. Moermann's Ethnobotanical database: E. bulbosa]</ref> This plant is sometimes used in native [[wildflower garden]]s throughout its range.
==Gallery==
<gallery>
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Image:Erigenia bulbosa BB.jpg|''E. bulbosa'' from Britton & Brown 1913
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
{{Edible Apiaceae}}
[[Category:Edible Apiaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Spring ephemerals]]
[[pt:Erigenia]]
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